A ferociously cool Cold War thriller from the author of The Ipcress Deighton’s third novel has become a classic, as compelling and suspenseful now . (Editor’s note: This is the ninth installment in our ongoing Friday blog series highlighting great but forgotten books. Today’s selection comes. Funeral in Berlin, UK first edition now – see photo) on the first editions has a photo of Len Deighton and Michael Caine from The Ipcress File movie shoot.

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Refresh and try again. Open Preview See a Problem? Thanks for telling us about the problem. Return to Book Page. Preview — Funeral in Berlin by Len Deighton. Berlin with its infamous wall symbolized the Cold War as did no other place.

It was like theatre, but is war for real. And he writes with effortless mastery. Published first published Edgar Award Nominee for Best Novel To see what your friends thought of this book, please sign up.

To ask other readers questions about Funeral in Berlinplease sign up. Lists with This Book. Funefal 23, Russ Melrose rated it it was amazing. I quite enjoyed this Len Deighton novel. So I thought I’d give the novels a try.

funwral The writing is sharp and witty and Deighton’s style is quite unique. Funeral in Berlin is a spy novel set in the ’60s. Of course, if you’re looking for a spy or secret agent in the James Bond mold, you won’t find him here. The novel centers around a proposed smuggling of a scien I quite enjoyed this Len Deighton novel. The novel centers around a proposed smuggling of a scientist across the Berlin wall.

The characters are colorful and interesting even the bureaucrats and everyone seems to have their own agenda. Our deiguton has to figure out who’s after what, and at times he struggles to do so. A clever plot that unfolds nicely. Bottom line, this is a cerebral spy thriller–not really a lot of action. If you enjoy quality writing and an intelligent spy novel, you might want to deightkn it a try.

Looking back, the Communists were a worthy enemy.

Funeral In Berlin by Len Deighton (1964)

There were no suicide vests or improvised explosive devices aimed at innocent civilians. Religious wars are always the most brutal. But after the ugliness and indiscriminate savagery of the current Sunni Muslim jihad against the West, I grow downright nostalgic about the s. Lately, I have been reading the three great spy novelists of that time—with great pleasure. I just finished Funeral in Looking back, the Communists were a worthy enemy.

I just finished Funeral in Berlin by one of them, the great Deightin Deighton. Funeral in Berlin is typical of the period. The hero, who is called Harry Palmer in the movies but is unnamed in the books, arranges to transfer a Russian scientist to West Berlin by means of a coffin.

No one seems to be trustworthy. The people who are supposedly his allies are an untrustworthy lot: In comparison, James Bond is almost never surprised by villains who are ceighton to be on the same side as him. There are all those lovely girls, and Felix Leiter of the CIA appears as a supporting hero feighton several of the novels.

Beroin all 4 comments.

Originally published on my blog here in January Because it is the main focus of the Bernard Samson deihton, Berlin might appear to be something of an obsession with Deighton. It actually features remarkably rarely in his other novels, particularly considering its unique position during the Cold War as a bastion of the West surrounded by the Soviet bloc.

: Funeral in Berlin (): Len Deighton: Books

It does, however, feature heavily in the third Harry Palmer novel, deithton the title obviously indicates. The plot of Lem in Berlin is apparen Originally published on my blog here in January But it soon becomes obvious that this isn’t quite what is going on – why, for example, are those involved so insistent that the scientist’s fake papers should be in a particular name when any would do for what they are claiming to want them for?

The whole of this novel, like Deighton’s first two, revolves around things not being quite what they seem, right up to the ending with its particularly surprising revelations.

This was not the first time I’d read eeighton novel; I’d forgotten the details but remembered the gist – and still found it exciting. Deighton’s novels do tend to be designed around this kind of misdirection, and it is of course a style particularly appropriate to the spy novel. Deivhton setting of Berlin is atmospheric, more because it is full of nervous, posturing tough guys both would-be and really tough deightom the descriptions are not as fully developed as they became in later years when Deighton’s novels increased in length Funeral in Berlin is less than half as long than Berlin Gamefor instance.

The most sympathetic character, as far as Palmer is concerned, is a Russian KGB colonel; for him, the distinction in the espionage business is between professionals and amateurs, rather than between friends and enemies. The world of the spy as documented by Deighton continued to be a male dominated one through his entire career, and in fact never completely loses the old boy network feel that Palmer is so cynical about in The Ipcress file Bernard Samson complains about this twenty years later on.

Here, the two female characters are good looking young women, one Palmer’s secretary and lover who does most of the routine work assigned to him, and the other a rather naive agent for some other power, whose seduction of Palmer seems to have slipped out of a James Bond story.

Having mentioned Ian Fleming’s famous spy in this context, though, I should point out that Deighton has moved on from Fleming ‘s insistent misogyny. Palmer is a much deightob but less flamboyant berlib than Bond, too. Apart from The Ipcress File, Funerzl in Berlin is the best of deigghton Harry Palmer novels, sharing its best quality – an ability to surprise even after all these years.

Deighton overcooked at times — “we get it! I understand from wikipedia that there was a court case and this paragraph was removed from later editions. As the light from the window moved across his features, I could see the handsome ground plan of his bombed-out face.

Now the powdery skin, sun-lamped to a pale nicotine colour, was supported only by his cheek-bones, like a tent when the guy ropes are slackened. A man in a Mini shouted ‘You stupid bastard! Such amateurs that finally someone standing by couldn’t watch their bungling any longer, and took over. That’s what America had done in two Word Wars. Perhaps it was all part of a vast British conspiracy. I enjoyed this story. In some aspects, I had no idea what was going on, but at the same time, it didn’t matter.

This is a Cold War spy mystery, that meanders along to its ending but is so well-written, that it was a pleasure to read. The basic premise is that the main character, Harry Salzman, a British operative, is in Berlin trying to arrange for the smuggling of a British scientist from the East through the Berlin wall back to the West. But that is the story at its simplest. The tale wanders I enjoyed this story. The tale wanders from London to Berlin, east and west, to Czechoslovakia and France and contains a cast of characters, from Salzman to his capable assistant one of my favourite characters even if she is only rarely in itJean to his boss, Dawlish, the Russian, Stok, etc that you love meeting and enjoy the interactions.

Each chapter discusses the rules of chess and various plays and moves and ultimately, this is the crux of the story, a chess game with players feinting and moving across the board until the end. And who will win the game? You have to read Funeral in Berlin. Jan 25, Sairam Krishnan rated it really liked it. A sparkling, racy, supersmart cold war spy story that packs more than a punch. I enjoyed it immensely and I think this book has brought me back full circle to my old love for historically accurate and inspired genre novels.

John Le’ Carre, here I come again! Sep 12, Stewart Sternberg rated it it was amazing. This is not a casual read. The plot is complicated, there are numerous devastating plot twists, and a shocker reveal at the end. Jan 04, Nooilforpacifists rated it really liked it Shelves: This was fun–zany, not as serious as the Samson works. And, the real mystery is revealed only at the end. Ovviamente Britannia rules, ma va bene lo stesso. Avevo visto dei film tratti dai romanzi di Leighton, ma non mi aspettavo che fosse un romanziere completo.

Una bella sorpresa, soprattutto considerando che ho altri tre suoi romanzi che mi aspettano! Nov 28, Colin Harding rated it really liked it.

Funeral in Berlin – Wikipedia

As ever with Len Deighton, this rattles along at a good old pace, but rush it at your peril. The plot is sinuous, and much is left to implication – many of the key plot points aren’t explicit, and personally I like this, with the beglin on the reader to join the dots. The shadowy world of s espionage is painted well, along with its relationship with normal life. Unlike James Bond, our unnamed protagonist goes home to make his tea.

This is what I’ve always liked about Lrn work, and a styl As ever with Len Deighton, this leen along at a good old pace, but rush it at your peril. This is what I’ve always liked about Deighton’s work, and a style that critically wasn’t lost in the film adaptation – Harry Palmer is cynical and rebellious. The best part of this book though has to be Deighton’s sometimes caustic view of the world he portrays, with dry, sarcastic wit evident throughout, and some wonderful turns of phrase.

Dec 09, Simon rated feighton it was amazing.

In , the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) was introduced into clinical psychiatry because the existing depression rating scales. Estudio de validación de la escala de depresión de Montgomery y Åsberg of the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) in. Se realizó un análisis factorial de la escala; se determinó la consistencia .. A three-factor model of the MADRS in Major Depressive Disorder.

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This paper aims to investigate the psychometric proprieties reliability and validity of escaal scales in a Brazilian sample, and to compare responses in bipolar and unipolar patients. Participants were recruited and treated by clinicians madrx the Structured Interview for DSM-IV criteria, and had previously been interviewed by a trained, blind tester. Both scales indicated good reliability properties; however, the MADRS reliability statistics were higher than those of the HAM-D for detecting initial symptoms of unipolar depression.

Correlation between the tests was moderate. Despite demonstrating adequate validity, neither test achieved the levels of sensitivity and specificity required for identification of a cutoff score to differentiate bipolar I and unipolar patients. Both scales demonstrate adequate reliability and validity for assessing depressive symptoms in the Brazilian sample, and are good options to complement psychiatric diagnosis, but are not appropriate for distinguishing between the two affective disorder types.

The general term depression can be applied to a wide range of states, and is defined by symptoms that can be present in a number of different clinical or psychiatric conditions, associated with the use of psychoactive drugs, or even manifest under normal conditions such as grief or sadness [ 1 ]. By contrast, patients with major depressive disorder present with a group of consistent symptoms that occur throughout most of the day, almost every day, for at least 2 weeks [ 2 ].

As is the case for certain other escsla disorders, specific biological markers are absent for mood disorders, which means that diagnosis tends to be based on the presence of a syndrome, i. Furthermore, some symptoms can be confounded with physical disorders, such as sleep disturbances and changes in weight or libido; these complicating factors facilitate underdiagnosis and confusion with bipolar disorder [ 3 – 7 ]. Consequently, the use of clinical rating scales is required to improve diagnosis quality, to reduce bias caused by physical symptoms, to assess prognosis during treatment, and to evaluate outcomes [ 89 ].

Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale – Wikipedia

A large number of scales for evaluating depressive conditions are available, but the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale HAM-D [ 8 ] and the Montgomery—Asberg Depression Rating Scale MADRS [ 10 ] are the most common rating scales in use, and are commonly applied to establish clinical criteria for distinguishing levels of severity and for measuring evolution of and recovery from a depressive episode [ 1 ].

Some studies reveal correlation coefficients between 0. For this reason, we will describe the instruments in sequence. The HAM-D was developed for administration with patients previously diagnosed with affective mmadrs, as a measure to quantify the results obtained during the clinical interview, but it has largely been used to assess the efficacy of antidepressive treatment [ 814 ].

The HAM-D is a hetero-rated scale: In order to ensure fidelity, a standardized interview guide was created as part of the training [ 1115 ]. Since first published by Hamilton [ 8 ], the scale has been largely applied, and many studies of it have been performed.

Results indicated good internal, interrater, and retest reliability estimates for the overall scale, but weak interrater and retest coefficients at the item level. As expected, evidence for good convergent, discriminant, and predictive validity was also found. Other studies have found coefficients ranging from 0.

Interrater reliability of the scale proved consistent, exceeding 0. The first study with the HAM-D was conducted in the s. Carvalho [ 18 ] designed a translation study, using the HAM-D with 63 bilingual eescala students; and Fleck et al.

The authors found differences in the distribution of the factor solution, such that the Brazilian solution indicated four factors, one more than in the French version, as well as ecala in the way anxiety items were distributed. Reliability analyses have confirmed the ability to discriminate changes during treatment; interrater reliability coefficients have ranged from 0.

Results indicated a reliability of 0. Both scales have ample psychometric evidence that indicates they are valid measures of symptom outcome in major depression. Validity studies are primary conditions to a test, considering that ensures the degree to which an empirical evidence is supported madts 2223 ]. Validity is often treated as a unitary concept, but the process of validation should be an ongoing process of nadrs various kinds of evidence [ 23 ].

Where translation of an instrument is concerned, the first form of evidence relates to content. A literal translation does not ensure that the test measures the same constructs as the original instrument did.

Results obtained by Fleck et al. Variations in depression scores with the HAM-D have been reported in other studies, indicating the importance of considering cultural differences when validating scales [ 2425 ]. Other important and common evidence is related to other variables, that address the degree that measure are consistent with the construct, as in the study by Dractu et al.

As was mentioned earlier, no reliability study with a Brazilian sample was found.

Rating scales in depression: limitations and pitfalls

Reliability is an important component of verifying whether a test is able to measure the proposed construct; i. Secondarily, it aims to compare responses of bipolar I and unipolar patients. The sample comprised 91 adult patients experiencing a major depressive episode: Test-retest methodology was employed using a two-day interval between interviews.

The degree of concordance for the diagnosis Kappa was 0. Carvalho [ 18 ] translated the questionnaire version for use in Brazil by administering the back-translated version to 63 bilingual university graduates. The item version was employed in the present study. In this version, each item is scored from 0 to 2 or from 0 to 4; total scores can range from 0 to The scale predominantly assesses cognitive and vegetative symptoms, with relatively few items related to social, motor, anxiety, and mood factors.

Results are categorized as mild, moderate, or severe depression. Reliability of the instrument is based on non brazilian studies, and lies in the 0. The MADRS [ 10 ] is a item semi-structured scale specifically designed to indicate the severity of the depressive condition.

The validation study for use in Brazil was carried out by Dractu et al. The MADRS assesses mood symptoms exhibited over the preceding 2 weeks, scoring items from 0 to 6, to give a maximum total score of 60 points. The items assess somatic, cognitive, vegetative and anxious symptoms.

The inter-item reliability of the instrument in an international study was 0. They were included in the study only after they had read, understood, and signed the Informed Consent Form. Participants were allocated randomly to one of two blocks via a sequence generated by a biostatistician, and were assessed individually by a blind tester trained to administer the scales.

The scales took an average of 1 hour to administer. The reliability of the HAM-D was determined on the following basis: Validity was assessed as follows: According to the reliability parameters adopted, scores over 0. Therefore, all scores qualified as good or excellent [ 26 ]. Results obtained with the ROC curve indicated that the area under the curve for all the variables ranged between 0. In addition, the curve indicated no definable cutoff score for discriminating symptoms of bipolar I patients from those of unipolar patients.

Group differences in responses to items at time of entry for treatment V0 were assessed using the Mann—Whitney U test.

Of the 17 items in the HAM-D, four Insomnia lateSomatic symptoms—general, Hypochondriasis, and Insight revealed significant group differences in mean scores [ 3334 ]. According to mean scores, depressive patients reported more sleep-related difficulties and somatic symptoms and some inappropriate worry about their health in their initial interview than did bipolar I patients, who reported more knowledge about their depressive state state at time of entry.

Unipolar subjects had higher overall scores than did bipolar I patients, although this difference was not statistically significant. Results of the Mann—Whitney U test showed statistically significant group differences on seven of the 10 items as well as on the total score of the MADRS, with the unipolar group consistently scoring higher.

Item-specific comparisons showed that unipolar patients had greater sadness and apparent sadness, tension, psychomotor inhibition, reduced appetite, concentration difficulties, and inability to feel and total score.

To conclude, correlation analyses between the scales were performed, in order to determine the degree of similarity of HAM-D and MADRS at the three administration time points. The results showed good levels of reliability and validity for both scales, indicating that they were able to measure gravity of depressive symptoms.

Reliability of the HAM-D ranged from good to excellent at the three administration time points, although few items served to distinguish the more specific symptoms of unipolar depressed subjects. Concerning the MADRS, reliability was also as expected, showing scores in agreement with those found in other studies [ 91021 ].

As already discussed, most items were able to differentiate unipolar from bipolar I subjects. Despite its extensive use, MADRS lacks published results in Brazil, precluding comparisons against the findings of the present study. In addition, besides differences among items, it is important to note that the ROC curve failed to indicate a cutoff point for differentiating unipolar from bipolar I depression. It is known that bipolar I patients are often initially diagnosed as unipolar because they tend to seek medical assistance during the depressive phase [ 4 ].

For this reason, scales that are sensitive enough to discriminate the two conditions may be promising for assisting diagnosis by health professionals, and should be considered in further studies. A secondary aim was to compare responses between the unipolar and bipolar I group.

Regarding HAM-D score differences, the scale has determined that unipolar depressive patients have a greater tendency to weep and to exhibit more nonverbal expressions of sadness and hopelessness, according to other studies [ 36 ].

Other results relevant to MDD diagnosis are related to items 7 work activities and 8 psychomotor retardation. Unipolar patients scored higher on these items, although the difference was statistically nonsignificant.

It eecala also pertinent to highlight some of the observed qualitative differences in depressive and bipolar I symptomology, even those mwdrs were not statistically significant. This indicates that both patients frequently entertain ideas of guilt or rumination, and that sometimes these thoughts include the notion that madsr is not worth living and ideas about the possibility of death, but also excessive fear and concerns with minor matters.

It is important to consider that the differences in this kind of ideation were not significant between groups, which is unexpected, considering that greater suicidal ideation is expected for depressed patients [ 3716 ]. Additionally, bipolar I patients had a higher but also nonsignificant mean score on psychomotor agitation, which is a rating based on observation and indicates motor restlessness. This could be an important nonverbal sign to consider during interviews, and is supported by results from other studies [ 4 – 6 ].

Finally, regarding the statistical difference on item 17 Insightit is known that people with bipolar disorder are more likely to seek help when they are depressed than when they are experiencing mania or hypomania [ 5 ], so this is an expected result.

Considering these results, the MADRS items appear to be more appropriate for assessing unipolar depression, in view that discriminated more significant differences between bipolar and unipolar patients. Finally, a high correlation was found between the two instruments, and was similar to those reported by Dractu, Kadrs and Calil [ 17 ].

Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale

Importantly, the sample used by those authors included only unipolar subjects. The scales proved consistent for assessing depressive symptoms, but limitations in their ability to discriminate unipolar and bipolar I patients were found. Further investigations should replicate the present study with larger samples and incorporate scales that may be more sensitive for detecting the different spectrums in order to reduce current limitations.

Moreover, is important to highlight that escwla MADRS and HAM-D have a number of particularities that should be considered by the clinician, including the number of constituent items and the distribution of symptoms. For instance, the HAM-D contains somatic items that are not included in the MADRS, which for its part, represents a good option in cases where assessment of somatic symptoms of depression is not required, and where comparisons of observed and reported symptoms is desired.

AMC designed the study, performed the statistical analyses and interpretation, and contributed to writing and reviewing the manuscript. RAM designed the study and managed the statistical analyses. FF interpreted the data and drafted the manuscript and contributed to reviewing it. All authors have read and approved the mades manuscript.

Adriana Munhoz Carneiro, Email: Ricardo Alberto Moreno, Email: